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Toxicology and Industrial Health
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Interactions of Persistent Environmental Organohalogens With the Thyroid Hormone System: Mechanisms and Possible Consequences for Animal and Human Health

Abraham Brouwer

Department of Toxicology Wageningen Agricultural University The Netherlands

Dennis C. Morse

Department of Toxicology Wageningen Agricultural University The Netherlands

Martine C. Lans

Department of Toxicology Wageningen Agricultural University The Netherlands

A. Gerlienke Schuur

Department of Toxicology Wageningen Agricultural University The Netherlands

Albertinka J. Murk

Department of Toxicology Wageningen Agricultural University The Netherlands

Eva Klasson-Wehler

Environmental Chemistry Wallenberg Laboratory Stockholm University Sweden

Åke Bergman

Environmental Chemistry Wallenberg Laboratory Stockholm University Sweden

Theo J. Visser

Internal Medicine Erasmus University Medical School Rotterdam The Netherlands

Several classes of environmental contaminants have been claimed or suggested to possess endocrine-disrupting potency, which may result in reproductive problems and developmental disorders. In this paper the focus is on the multiple and interactive mechanisms of interference of persistent polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs) and their metabolites with the thyroid hormone system. Evidence suggests that pure congeners or mixtures of PHAHs directly interfere with the thyroid gland; with thyroid hormone metabolizing enzymes, such as uridine-diphosphate-glucuronyl transferases (UGTs), iodothyronine deiodinases (IDs), and sulfotransferases (SULTs) in liver and brain; and with the plasma transport system of thyroid hormones in experimentalanimals and their offspring. Changes in thyroid hormone levels in conjunction with high PHAH exposure was also observed in captive as well as free ranging wildlife species and in humans. Maternal exposure to PHAHs during pregnancy resulted in a considerable fetal transfer of hydroxylated PHAHs, which are known to compete with thyroxine (T4) for plasma transthyretin (TTR) binding sites, and thus may be transported to the fetus with those carrier proteins that normally mediate the delivery of T4 to the fetus. Concomitant changes in thyroid hormone concentrations in plasma and in brain tissue were observed in fetal and neonatal stages of development, when sufficient thyroid hormone levels are essential for normal brain development. Alterations in structural and functional neurochemical parameters, such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), synaptophysin, calcineurin, and serotonergic neurotransmitters, were observed in the same offspring up to postnatal day 90. In addition, some changes in locomotor and cognitive indices of behavior were observed in rat offspring, following in utero and lactational exposure to PHAHs. Alterations in thyroid hormone levels and subtle changes in neurobehavioral performance were also observed in human infants exposed in utero and through lactation to relatively high levels of PHAHs. Overall these studies indicate that persistent PHAHs can disrupt the thyroid hormone system at a multitude of interaction sites, which may have a profound impact on normal brain development in experimental animals, wildlife species, and human infants.

Key Words: 3. Key words: development • dioxins • health • organohalogens • thyroid hormone.

Toxicology and Industrial Health, Vol. 14, No. 1-2, 59-84 (1998)
DOI: 10.1177/074823379801400107
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