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Percutaneous absorption of arsenic from environmental media

Exponent, Boulder, USA, lowneyy{at}exponent.com

Michael V Ruby

Exponent, Boulder, USA

Ronald C Wester

Dermatology Department, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

Rosalind A Schoof

Integral Consulting, Mercer Island, WA, USA

Stewart E Holm

Georgia-Pacific Corporation, NE, Atlanta, GA, USA

Xiao-Ying Hui

Dermatology Department, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

Sherry Barbadillo

Dermatology Department, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

Howard I Maibach

Dermatology Department, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

Current knowledge of percutaneous absorption of arsenic is based on studies of rhesus monkeys using soluble arsenic in aqueous solution, and soluble arsenic mixed with soil (Wester et al., 1993). These studies produced mean dermal absorption rates in the range of 2.0-6.4% of the applied dose. Subsequently, questions arose as to whether these results represent arsenic absorption from environmental media. Factors such as chemical interactions, the presence of other metals, and the effects of weathering on environmental media all can affect the nature of arsenic and its potential for percutaneous absorption. Therefore, research specific to more relevant matrices is important. The focus of this effort is to outline study design considerations, including particle size, application rates, means of ensuring skin contact and appropriate statistical evaluation of the data. Appropriate reference groups are also important. The potential for background exposure to arsenic in the diet possibly obscuring a signal from a dermally applied dose of arsenic will also be addressed. We conclude that there are likely to be many site-or sample-specific factors that will control the absorption of arsenic, and matrix-specific analyses may be required to understand the degree of percutaneous absorption.

Key Words: arsenic • bioavailability • environmental • percutaneous • risk assessment • study design

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