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Toxicology and Industrial Health, Vol. 22, No. 9, 405-413 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0748233706074174

Clinical manifestations of lead workers of Mangalore, India

Ajee Kuruvilla

Department of Forensic Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India, ajeenellickal{at}hotmail.com

V.V. Pillay

Department of Analytical Toxicology, Amritha Institute of Medical Science, Cochin, India

Prabha Adhikari

Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India

T. Venkatesh

Department of Biochemistry, St John's Medical College, Bangalore, India

M. Chakrapani

Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India

H.T. Jayaprakash Rao

Department of Medicine, Amritha Institute of Medical Science, Cochin, India

Binaya K. Bastia

Department of Surgery, Amritha Institute of Medical Science, Cochin, India

A. Rajeev

Department of Forensic Medicine, SDM Institute of Medical Science, Dharwad, India

K.M. Saralaya

Department of Forensic Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India

Maneesh Rai

Department of Community Medicine, Amritha Institute of Medical Science, Cochin, India

Objective: To correlate blood lead levels and clinical manifestations. Participants: Battery workers and painters (occupationally exposed to lead in and around Mangalore, India) and occupationally unexposed controls. Main outcome measures: We measured the blood lead levels by anodic stripping voltammetry, and a clinical examination was carried out on all participants. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the lead-exposed group and controls with respect to clinical manifestations. The prominent findings among the lead-exposed group were fatigue, abdominal colic, abdominal discomfort, backache, muscular exhaustability, myalgia and paresthesia, at a blood lead level ranging from 0.4 to 116.6 µg/dL. Conclusions: Such a study on battery workers and painters has not been reported in India. Several attempts have been made over the years to relate blood lead levels to adverse health effects. It was not possible to determine a precise blood lead level below which symptoms never occur or a blood lead level at which symptoms are always reported. Toxicology and Industrial Health 2006; 22: 405-413.

Key Words: battery workers • blood lead • clinical manifestations • correlation • India • painters


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