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Acrolein health effects

ATSDR, Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA oxs0{at}CDC.GOV

N Roney

ATSDR, Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

J Taylor

ATSDR, Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

A Ashizawa

ATSDR, Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

MH Lumpkin

Syracuse Research Corporation, North Syracuse, New York, USA

DJ Plewak

Syracuse Research Corporation, North Syracuse, New York, USA

Abstract

Acrolein is a chemical used as an intermediate reactive aldehyde in chemical industry. It is used for synthesis of many organic substances, methionine production, and methyl chloride refrigerant. The general population is exposed to acrolein via smoking, second-hand smoke, exposure to wood and plastic smoke. Firefighters and population living or working in areas with heavy automotive traffic may expose to higher level of acrolein via inhalation of smoke or automotive exhaust. Degradation of acrolein in all environmental media occurs rapidly, therefore, environmental accumulation is not expected. Acrolein degrade in 6 days when applied to surface water, and it has not been found as a contaminant in municipal drinking water. Acrolein vapor may cause eye, nasal and respiratory tract irritations in low level exposure. A decrease in breathing rate was reported by volunteers acutely exposed to 0.3 ppm of acrolein. At similar level, mild nasal epithelial dysplasia, necrosis, and focal basal cell metaplasia have been observed in rats. The acrolein effects on gastrointestinal mucosa in the animals include epithelial hyperplasia, ulceration, and hemorrhage. The severity of the effects is dose dependent. Acrolein induces the respiratory, ocular, and gastrointestinal irritations by inducing the release of peptides in nerve terminals innervating these systems. Levels of acrolein between 22 and 249 ppm for 10 min induced a dose-related decrease in substance P (a short-chain polypeptide that functions as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator).

Key Words: cancer • cardiovascular • developmental • systemic effects • toxicokinetics

Toxicology and Industrial Health, Vol. 24, No. 7, 447-490 (2008)
DOI: 10.1177/0748233708094188


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