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Toxicology and Industrial Health, Vol. 15, No. 1-2,
65-79 (1999)
DOI: 10.1177/074823379901500107
Peripubertal exposure to the antiandrogenic fungicide, vinclozolin, delays puberty, inhibits the development of androgen-dependent tissues, and alters androgen receptor function in the male rat
Emily Monosson
Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Reproductive Toxicology Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Current address. Monosson Environmental Research, Montague, MA, USA
William R. Kelce
Reproductive Toxicology Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Current address. Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO, USA
Christy Lambright
Reproductive Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Joseph Ostby
Reproductive Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
L. Earl Gray, Jr.
Reproductive Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, gray.earl{at}epamail.epa.gov
Vinclozolin is a well-characterized antiandrogenic fungicide. It produces adverse effects when administered during sexual differentiation, and it alters reproductive function in adult male rats by acting as an androgen-antagonist. Two active metabolites of vinclozolin, M1 and M2, compete with natural androgens for the rat and human androgen receptors (ARs), an effect that blocks androgen-induced gene expression in vivo and in vitro. In addition to their effects during perinatal life, androgens play a key role in pubertal maturation in young males. In this regard, the present study was designed to examine the effects of peripubertal oral administration of vinclozolin (0, 10, 30, or 100 mg kg–1 day–1) on morphological landmarks of puberty, hormone levels, and sex accessory gland development in male rats. In addition, as binding of the M1 and M2 to AR alter the subcellular distribution of AR by inhibiting AR-DNA binding, we examined the effects of vinclozolin on AR distribution in the target cells after in vivo treatment. We also examined serum levels of vinclozolin, M1, and M2 in the treated males so that these could be related to the effects on the reproductive tract and AR distribution. Vinclozolin treatment delayed pubertal maturation (at 30 and 100 mg kg–1 day–1) and retarded sex accessory gland and epididymal growth. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH; significant at all dosage levels) and testosterone and 5 -androstane,3,17ß-diol (at 100 mg kg–1 day–1) levels were increased. Testis size and sperm production, however, were unaffected. It was apparent that these effects were concurrent with subtle alterations in the subcellular distribution of AR. In control animals, most AR were in the high salt cell fraction, apparently bound to the natural ligand and DNA. Vinclozolin treatment reduced the amount of AR in the high salt (bound to DNA) fraction and it increased AR levels in the low salt (inactive, not bound to DNA) fraction. M1 and M2 were found in the serum of animals from the two highest dosage groups, but they were present at levels well below their Ki values. In summary, these results suggest that when the vinclozolin metabolites occupy a small percentage of AR in the cell, this prevents maximal AR-DNA binding and alters in vivo androgen-dependent gene expression and protein synthesis, which in turn results in obvious alterations of morphological development and serum hormone levels. It is noteworthy that similar exposures during prenatal life result in a high incidence of malformations in male rats.
Key Words: androgen receptor • antiandrogen • fungicide • preputial separation • puberty • vinclozolin
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